Medical errors in laboratory diagnostics represent a significant challenge in healthcare, impacting patient safety and treatment outcomes. This review explores the types, causes, and current practices aimed at reducing these errors. We categorize medical errors into pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages, highlighting key contributing factors such as human error, technical issues, and systemic factors. The review examines quality control measures, technological interventions, standardization of protocols, and the importance of continuous training and education for laboratory personnel. Case studies illustrate successful error reduction strategies. Challenges in implementation and cultural barriers are also discussed. The review concludes with best practices and recommendations for future research, aiming to enhance the reliability and accuracy of laboratory diagnostics. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for healthcare providers, laboratory personnel, and policymakers to implement effective strategies and improve patient care.