Aim: To evaluate the association of duration of diabetes mellitus, microalbuminuria, hyperlipidemia with diabetic retinopathy. Methods: The prospective cross-sectional study which was carried in the Department of Ophthalmology, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India for 1 year. Total 200 patients were included in this study. For the study, type II DM is defined as a fasting plasma glucose of more than or equal to 126 mg/dl or 2-hour post glucose load plasma glucose of more than or equal to 200 mg/dl or a random plasma glucose of more than or equal to 200 mg/dl in the presence of symptoms of hyperglycemia. All the biochemical assessments were done using an Auto analyzer. Results: A total of 200 subjects of either gender were included in our study, out of which 110 (55%) were females and rest were males (90; 45%). Majority of the patients lied in the age group of 40-60 years (55%). Out of 100 patients in the retinopathic group, 50 (25%) of them suffered from very mild to moderate NPDR, 30 (15%) patients showed signs of severe to very severe NPDR and only 20 (10%) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Proportion of Group I (No retinopathy) was higher in younger patients i.e. below 40 (73.33%) and 40-60 (49.09%) as compared to elderly cases i.e. 60-80 (37.93%) and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). It was found that proportion of Group I (nonretinopathy) patients was higher in patients with duration of diabetes < 10 years (70%) as compared to patients with duration 10-20 years (51.43%), 20-40 years (6.67%) and > 40 years (30%). Majority of patients with duration of diabetes 20-40 years and > 40 years belonged to Group IIA (very mild to moderate retinopathy). Majority of patients (86.49%) of Grade 0 microalbuminuria (< 2.5 mg/mmol) had no Retinopathy. Out Of 200 patients of diabetes, total cholesterol was found to be desirable (< 200 mg/dl) in only 60 (30%) patients. Conclusion: Duration of diabetes and microalbuminuria has been found to be the independent risk factors for diabetic retinopathy, but serum cholesterol levels did not show an independent role in our study.