Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a well-known complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and a major cause of vision loss. Increased knowledge of DR is crucial for the prevention and early diagnosis of the disease and preservation of vision, diabetes mellitus is a disorder, characterized by an imbalance in blood glucose levels. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing globally.The global diabetes prevalence in 2019 is estimated to be 9.3% (463 million people), rising to 10.2% (578 million) by 2030 and 10.9% (700 million) by 2045. Long term, continuous hyperglycemia leads to vasculature-related disorders, including those affecting the eyes, such as retinopathy, diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease with chronic elevation in blood glucose levels. If not managed, it can lead to multi-organ damage also diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is characterized by distortion in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and involves hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus has different types. Several complications are associated with diabetes including diabetic retinopathy.